E-ISSN 2983-757X
 
2026, Vol: 6, Issue: 1
6 / 1Current Issue Online First Archive Aims and Scope Abstracting & Indexing Most Accessed Articles Most Downloaded Articles Most Cited Articles

Original Article
Online Published: 28 Feb 2026
 


Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan

Paio Khan, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq, Jameel Ahmed Buzdar, Amjad Khan, Amir Ghafoor Bajwa, Qurat Ul Ain, Ajmal Nisar.


Abstract
Background: Equine influenza is major infectious zoonotic disease and its economic concerns are many folds owing to high morbidity and loss of working capacity of equine population. Unvaccinated and equine reared under poor biosecurity are highly susceptible to infection. Its rapid spread and persistent occurrence since 1963 have included it in the watch list of WHO and OIE.
Methods: To investigate the outbreak and possible risk factors, a cross-sectional study was conducted for the period of one year in the months of possible outbreak of disease. A total number of 102 samples were collected from the target equine population and data regarding associated risk factors was also collected in a predesigned questionnaire. Later on, using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as molecular diagnostic technique a total of eight samples were found positive for the M-gene.
Results: The PCR positive result for the equine influenza virus clearly indicates the prevalence of the EIV in the targeted area. Multiple risk factors were (P<0.05) found significantly associated with occurrence of the disease. This could be due to the lower temperature in the study area which is owing to the Gujrat’s proximity with Northern areas.
Conclusion: The study has established the circulation and presence of the virus in the area. We therefore can declare the presence of the virus in the area and recommend frequent outbreak investigation and recommend surveillance programs such as mass vaccination of both commercial and domestic equines against the EIV to avoid the outbreak. Further, Biosecurity, Quarantine measures and awareness among the farmers are very necessary for elimination of EIV from the equine population.

Key words: Equine Influenza, Risk Factors, Outbreak, Epidemiological, Risk Factors


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Paio Khan
Articles by Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
Articles by Jameel Ahmed Buzdar
Articles by Amjad Khan
Articles by Amir Ghafoor Bajwa
Articles by Qurat Ul Ain
Articles by Ajmal Nisar
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khan P, Mushtaq MH, Buzdar JA, Khan A, Bajwa AG, Ain QU, Nisar A. Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. J Res Vet Sci. Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528

Web Style

Khan P, Mushtaq MH, Buzdar JA, Khan A, Bajwa AG, Ain QU, Nisar A. Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. https://www.wisdomgale.com/jrvs/?mno=277868 [Access: March 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khan P, Mushtaq MH, Buzdar JA, Khan A, Bajwa AG, Ain QU, Nisar A. Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. J Res Vet Sci. Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khan P, Mushtaq MH, Buzdar JA, Khan A, Bajwa AG, Ain QU, Nisar A. Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. J Res Vet Sci, [cited March 01, 2026]; Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


Harvard Style

Khan, P., Mushtaq, . M. H., Buzdar, . J. A., Khan, . A., Bajwa, . A. G., Ain, . Q. U. & Nisar, . A. (2026) Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. J Res Vet Sci, Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


Turabian Style

Khan, Paio, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq, Jameel Ahmed Buzdar, Amjad Khan, Amir Ghafoor Bajwa, Qurat Ul Ain, and Ajmal Nisar. 2026. Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences, Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


Chicago Style

Khan, Paio, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq, Jameel Ahmed Buzdar, Amjad Khan, Amir Ghafoor Bajwa, Qurat Ul Ain, and Ajmal Nisar. "Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khan, Paio, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq, Jameel Ahmed Buzdar, Amjad Khan, Amir Ghafoor Bajwa, Qurat Ul Ain, and Ajmal Nisar. "Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. Web. 01 Mar 2026 doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khan, P., Mushtaq, . M. H., Buzdar, . J. A., Khan, . A., Bajwa, . A. G., Ain, . Q. U. & Nisar, . A. (2026) Outbreak Investigation and Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Outbreak of Equine Influenza in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences, Online First: 28 Feb, 2026. doi:10.5455/JRVS.20250817105528




Most Viewed Articles
Most Accessed Articles

  • Effects of two supplements on rate of infectious bursal disease virus antibody decay and response to a very virulent strain of the virus in pullet chicks
    Aliyu Danlami Andamin, Ochuko Orakpoghenor, Talatu Patience Markus, Felix Tertsua Akade, Paul Ayuba Abdu, Tagang Aluwong
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 10-14
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230801043830

  • Alchornea laxiflora as therapeutic agent in the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection using experimental wistar rats; invivo and gene expression studies
    Catherine Olusunmibola Durojaye, Olusola Olalekan Elekofehinti, Innocent Bamidele Osho, Stephen Olusola Abodunrin
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 27-36
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230812093455

  • Clinico-pathological changes and performance indices in Eimeria tenella-infected broiler chickens following the prophylactic administration of Ganoderma lucidum, Vernonia amygdalina, and Vitellaria paradoxa methanolic extract
    Paul Terkende Hambesha, Ochuko Orakpoghenor, Paul Ayuba Abdu, Jatau Isa Danladi, Tagang Aluwong
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 1-9
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230818042509

  • An easy surgical approach to acetabular/iliac fractures combined with an innovative 3D-based shelf implant in a dog bony pelvis model
    Mohamed Shokry , Mohamed Nazih, Farag Abdullah
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 37-40
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230804124126

  • Prosthetic polyester-based hybrid mesh for repairing umbilical hernia in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)
    Mohamed Shokry, Abdelhaleem Elkasapy
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 15-17
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230804115419

    •
    Most Downloaded
    Top Downloaded Articles

  • Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in and around Kulubi town, Meta Woreda of East Haraghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
    Kedir Yusuf Kedir Yusuf
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(2): 41-50
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230815104000

  • Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites in Small Ruminants in and around Jaja Town, Melka Belo Woreda Of East Haraghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
    Kedir Yusuf Musa
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(2): 51-66
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230921091246

  • A Retrospective Analysis of Major Reportable Cattle Disease Outbreaks From 2017 to 2023 In Chinaksen District, East Hararge Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.
    Mershu Shimallis Aseffa, Chernet Balcha Jima, Kedir Yusuf Musa
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(2): 74-87
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240111060012

  • Assessment of Animal Health Surveillance Data Quality Audit. The Case Study in Meta District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.
    Kedir Yusuf Musa
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(3): 109-117
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230903104752

  • Clinical diagnosis and surgical management of chronic megacolon in a kitten
    Mohammad Raguib Munif, Mst. Sanjida Safawat,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(1): 21-28
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20231213090025

    •
    Most Cited Articles
    Most Cited Articles

  • Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites in Small Ruminants in and around Jaja Town, Melka Belo Woreda Of East Haraghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
    Kedir Yusuf Musa
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(2): 51-66
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230921091246
    Cited : 8 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Ruminants: A Review of Etiological agents, Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Risk factors
    Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus , Innocent Damudu Peter, Eric Lim Teik Chung, Nuriza Tukiran,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(2): 51-65
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230730103147
    Cited : 7 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in and around Kulubi town, Meta Woreda of East Haraghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
    Kedir Yusuf Kedir Yusuf
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(2): 41-50
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230815104000
    Cited : 6 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Incidence of common goat diseases and disorders in Bangladesh
    Md Nurul Haque, Md Habibur Rahman
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 3(2): 37-47
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240523011347
    Cited : 5 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Haemogram and blood cell morphological changes in haemoparasitic infection of poultry birds
    Diano O Diop, Theophilus A Jarikre, Oluwole O Oni, Onyeka C Nwufoh, Oyeduntan A Adediran,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 4(2): 25-34
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240606041839
    Cited : 5 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Prevalence and Seasonal Patterns of Foot Affection in Cattle in Khulna District of Bangladesh.
    Md. Abdur Rahim, Kazi Abdus Sobur,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 3(4): 140-147
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240717031613
    Cited : 5 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Improvement of Broiler Growth Performance by Feeding Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Flower Meal
    Iis Yuanita, Hastin Ernawati Nur Chusnul Chotimah, Lisnawaty Silitonga, Ellen Christ Tambunan,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2025; 5(3): 201-207
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20250319021843
    Cited : 4 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Clinical diagnosis and surgical management of chronic megacolon in a kitten
    Mohammad Raguib Munif, Mst. Sanjida Safawat,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(1): 21-28
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20231213090025
    Cited : 4 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Ovine Brucellosis in Bangladesh: Seroprevalence and its associated risk factors
    Md Habibur Rahman , Sonia Akther , Md Nurul Haque , Md Zulfekar Ali , Md Asief Hossain Zihadi , Md Zillur Rahman
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 3(1): 28-36
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240519053238
    Cited : 3 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Clinicopathological and hematological profile of silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) after experimentally infection with Aeromonas hydrophila
    Aulia Azizah, Mohammad Faizal Ulkhaq, Dian Putri Apriliani, Wahju Tjahjaningsih, Annur Ahadi Abdillah
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 18-26
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230811124754
    Cited : 3 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Isolation and characterization of duck viral enteritis (Duck plague) virus from ducks in field outbreaks in Bangladesh
    Jahidul Islam, Md. Mohirul Islam , Md. Sadequl Islam, Md. Zaminur Rahman , Palash Bose, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Mst. Mianra Khatun, Md. Ariful Islam
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(1): 29-37
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240102065916
    Cited : 3 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • One Health: A must-needed approach for dealing with Monkeypox
    Md. Saiful Islam, Al muksit Mohammad Taufiquer Rahman, Md. Tanvir Rahman,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 3(2): 52-55
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240529085815
    Cited : 3 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites and differences of pathological markers in infected pigeons in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
    Ashever Jocelyn Terfa, Jude Rabo, Jerry Ngutor Abenga, Ochuko Orakpoghenor,
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(3): 135-143
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20240315035509
    Cited : 2 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Clinico-pathological changes and performance indices in Eimeria tenella-infected broiler chickens following the prophylactic administration of Ganoderma lucidum, Vernonia amygdalina, and Vitellaria paradoxa methanolic extract
    Paul Terkende Hambesha, Ochuko Orakpoghenor, Paul Ayuba Abdu, Jatau Isa Danladi, Tagang Aluwong
    J Res Vet Sci. 2023; 1(1): 1-9
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230818042509
    Cited : 2 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Assessment of Animal Health Surveillance Data Quality Audit. The Case Study in Meta District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.
    Kedir Yusuf Musa
    J Res Vet Sci. 2024; 2(3): 109-117
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/JRVS.20230903104752
    Cited : 2 times [Click to see citing articles]

    •

    About Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences

    Journal of Research in Veterinary Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, providing a platform for advances in basic, translatio ... Read more.



    For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

    Contact Information

    Your comments are very important to us

    We welcome your ideas, suggestions, comments, or questions. To reach Editorial Board please use one of the methods provided below.

     

    Editor:

    Mihaela Niculae, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

    editorinchief@ejmanager.com


    Publishing Team:

    info@wisdomgale.com


    Office Address:

    WisdomGale Publishing

    14 Rue de Grand-Bigard,

    1082 Brussels

    Belgium

     

    We will respond within 48 to 72 hours.

    Change of address or personal information? Please visit your account at www.ejmanager.com to update your information.
    POLICIES & JOURNAL LINKS
    Author Login
    Reviewer Login
    Author LoginReviewer LoginAbout PublisherOpen Access PolicyEditorial PoliciesEditorial Review PolicyPeer Review PolicyEditorial & Peer Review ProcessPublication Ethics and Publication Malpractice StatementConflict of Interest PolicyPlagiarism PolicyProtection of Research Participants (Statement On Human And Animal Rights)Privacy PolicyCorrections, Retractions & Expressions of ConcernSelf-Archiving PoliciesDigital Archiving & Preservation PoliciesTerms of UseLicense InformationCopyright Information