Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review

Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna; Micheal Abimbola Oladosu; Moses Adondua Abah; Joseph  Oteng; Patrick Chimuanya Etus; Sunday Agbo Okabeonye; Oluwadamilola  Zainab  Yakub; Olabisi O. Ogunlewe; Sarah Oluwaseun Julius; Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

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Review Article
Online Published: 26 Sep 2025

Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025; 2(4): 173-192

doi: 10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review"

Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Joseph Oteng, Patrick Chimuanya Etus, Sunday Agbo Okabeonye, Oluwadamilola Zainab Yakub, Olabisi O. Ogunlewe, Sarah Oluwaseun Julius, Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu.

Abstract
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) impose substantial clinical and economic burdens globally, affecting approximately 7% of hospitalized patients in developed countries and causing over 99,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. This narrative review critically evaluates molecular techniques for detecting and identifying nosocomial pathogens, emphasizing their integration into infection surveillance and control strategies. Key bacterial agents examined include spore-forming organisms like Clostridioides difficile, Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species, and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Advanced diagnostic modalities assessed include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), metagenomics, and emerging CRISPR-Cas-based diagnostics. Environmental sampling challenges, biofilm-associated resistance mechanisms, and high-touch surface contamination are analyzed. Integration of molecular diagnostics into routine surveillance has demonstrated significant improvements in outbreak detection (reducing identification time by 48-72 hours), transmission tracking accuracy (>40% improvement in epidemiological investigations), and targeted intervention implementation. Current limitations include cost barriers, technical expertise requirements, and standardization challenges. Future directions encompass artificial intelligence-assisted outbreak prediction, point-of-care molecular diagnostics, and automated environmental monitoring systems. This review underscores the critical role of molecular surveillance in contemporary HAI prevention and provides evidence-based recommendations for clinical implementation.

Key words: Healthcare-associated infections, molecular diagnostics, pathogen identification, infection control, antimicrobial resistance, environmental surveillance

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Yohanna NR, Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Oteng J, Etus PC, Okabeonye SA, Yakub OZ, Ogunlewe OO, Julius SO, Oladosu OA. Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025; 2(4): 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Web Style

Yohanna NR, Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Oteng J, Etus PC, Okabeonye SA, Yakub OZ, Ogunlewe OO, Julius SO, Oladosu OA. Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". https://www.wisdomgale.com/ejmid/?mno=262487 [Access: October 07, 2025]. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Yohanna NR, Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Oteng J, Etus PC, Okabeonye SA, Yakub OZ, Ogunlewe OO, Julius SO, Oladosu OA. Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025; 2(4): 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Yohanna NR, Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Oteng J, Etus PC, Okabeonye SA, Yakub OZ, Ogunlewe OO, Julius SO, Oladosu OA. Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis. (2025), [cited October 07, 2025]; 2(4): 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Harvard Style

Yohanna, N. R., Oladosu, . M. A., Abah, . M. A., Oteng, . J., Etus, . P. C., Okabeonye, . S. A., Yakub, . O. Z., Ogunlewe, . O. O., Julius, . S. O. & Oladosu, . O. A. (2025) Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". Eu J Microbiol Infect Dis, 2 (4), 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Turabian Style

Yohanna, Nathan Rimamsanati, Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Joseph Oteng, Patrick Chimuanya Etus, Sunday Agbo Okabeonye, Oluwadamilola Zainab Yakub, Olabisi O. Ogunlewe, Sarah Oluwaseun Julius, and Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu. 2025. Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2 (4), 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

Chicago Style

Yohanna, Nathan Rimamsanati, Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Joseph Oteng, Patrick Chimuanya Etus, Sunday Agbo Okabeonye, Oluwadamilola Zainab Yakub, Olabisi O. Ogunlewe, Sarah Oluwaseun Julius, and Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu. "Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review"." European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2 (2025), 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Yohanna, Nathan Rimamsanati, Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Joseph Oteng, Patrick Chimuanya Etus, Sunday Agbo Okabeonye, Oluwadamilola Zainab Yakub, Olabisi O. Ogunlewe, Sarah Oluwaseun Julius, and Olaide Ayokunmi Oladosu. "Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review"." European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2.4 (2025), 173-192. Print. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Yohanna, N. R., Oladosu, . M. A., Abah, . M. A., Oteng, . J., Etus, . P. C., Okabeonye, . S. A., Yakub, . O. Z., Ogunlewe, . O. O., Julius, . S. O. & Oladosu, . O. A. (2025) Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Hospital Environments: Implications for Infection Control and Patient Safety - A Narrative Review". European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2 (4), 173-192. doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250603023055

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