Abstract
Aim/Background: This study investigates how cultural and economic pressures during religious festivals, particularly Eid-ul-Adha, influence antibiotic misuse in ruminants in rural Bangladesh.

Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 40 smallholder farmers and livestock traders in two districts to assess antibiotic use, sources of advice, withdrawal period compliance, and awareness of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Statistical analyses (Chi-square tests, risk ratios) were used to examine associations between misuse and influencing factors.

Results: A total of 37.5% of respondents administered antibiotics within 45 days of Eid, often without veterinary consultation. Peer influence, quick fattening motives, and cosmetic enhancements were identified as primary drivers. While 52.5% were aware of withdrawal periods, only 32.5% adhered to them. Awareness of human health risks from AMR was low, with 65% of respondents lacking knowledge. Economic motives and informal advice were significantly correlated with misuse.

Conclusion: Antibiotic misuse during festivals is driven by socio-cultural and economic factors rather than solely veterinary issues. The study recommends faith-based AMR education via local leaders, seasonal mobile veterinary clinics, stricter labeling of antibiotics in Bangla highlighting withdrawal periods, and government surveillance of antibiotic sales during Eid. These measures, aligned with One Health strategies, could reduce festival-driven misuse in Bangladesh.

Key words: Antibiotic misuse, Eid-ul-Adha, Livestock, Withdrawal period, Cultural practices, Antimicrobial resistance, Ruminants, Bangladesh