Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that regulate key physiological processes, including lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. The three subtypes, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta/delta, and PPAR-gamma, have distinct roles and tissue distributions, making them promising targets for metabolic and inflammatory disease therapies. Experimental methods encompassed animal models, genetically modified mice, and pharmacological interventions with PPAR agonists and antagonists. Cell culture studies utilized specific PPAR ligands, along with molecular biology techniques like gene expression analysis. PPAR-alpha activation enhances fatty acid oxidation, reducing triglyceride levels and targeting dyslipidemia. PPAR-gamma activation improves insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation, pivotal for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. PPAR-beta/delta regulates fatty acid metabolism and energy homeostasis, albeit with less clarity compared to the other subtypes. Additionally, PPARs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory gene expression, suggesting therapeutic potential in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. PPARs are critical regulators of metabolic and inflammatory processes, with distinct roles and distributions. They represent attractive targets for novel therapeutics in metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. Further research is essential to understand their molecular mechanisms and evaluate the safety and efficacy of PPAR-targeted therapies.