Abstract
Genetic modification (GM) is a modern biotechnological approach that enables the precise alteration of DNA to create organisms with specific desirable trait. Although numerous studies have documented the advantages and potential risks of GM, there is a lack of integrative reviews that synthesize scientific, environmental, health, and socio-ethical perspectives within a single framework. This paper examines the positive impacts and associated risks of GM. Data for this review were sourced from reputable academic databases, including Embase, PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink, and EBSCO. The findings revealed that GM has driven significant advancements in agriculture and biotechnology. These advantages include improved crop yields and pest resistance, extended shelf life for perishable produce, improved animal breeds with disease resistance and enhanced growth, improved nutritional value, and the development of therapeutic applications, such as edible vaccines. Despite these advantages, the application of GM, particularly in food systems, remains highly controversial. Concerns associated with genetically modified foods (GMFs) include unintended reductions in the bioavailability of certain nutrients, accidental gene transfer to human cells or gut microbes, and environmental concerns, such as gene transfer to wild plants and the emergence of new pathogens or toxins. Additionally, ethical, cultural, and religious considerations significantly influence the ongoing debate. Issues such as genetically modified seeds (GMSs) patenting and the lack of mandatory labeling, which limits consumer choice, have fueled opposition. Resistance from animal rights advocates and proponents of organic farming further complicates the acceptance of GMFs. This paper highlights the need for robust regulatory frameworks, continuous monitoring, and extensive research to address the complex and evolving challenges posed by GM.

Key words: Accidental gene transfer, Biotechnology, Environment, Genetically modified (GM) food.