Development of an inexpensive and simple test system for the differential detection of avian influenza viruses and avian paramyxoviruses in environmental monitoring

Elizaveta Yu Boravleva; Anastasia Andreevna Treshchalina; Daria Romanovna Gordeeva; Alexandra Gambaryan

doi:10.5455/JRVS.20240529123341

Abstract
Aim
The aim of this work was to develop a simple and inexpensive test system for the detection and differentiation of viruses isolated from migratory birds, primarily avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and avian paramyxoviruses.
Methods
The method is based on the binding of viruses to a receptor analogue and to antibodies against paramyxoviruses. We prepared egg yolk immunoglobulins against NDV and against APMV-4 (isolated from eggs of immune layers) and coated 96-well ELISA plates with either fetuin or anti-paramyxovirus IgG. After incubaion with virus-containing allantoic fluids, viruses were detected using peroxidase-labeled fetuin or peroxidase-labeled anti-NIV IgG.
Results
We examined the binding of 83 viruses isolated in Moscow in 2006-2023 to fetuin and to antibodies against NDV and against APMV-4. Also, all these viruses were typed by partial or complete genome sequencing. It has been shown that AIVs bind to the sialoglycoprotein fetuin, whereas none of the tested paramyxoviruses did so.
Conclusion
Preliminary identification of the groups to which the viruses belongs allowed saving labor and primers when setting up PCR. Receptor binding and antibody binding in an ELISA-like assay allows recognition and differentiation of influenza, NDV and APMV-4 viruses.

Key words: avian influenza; avulaviruses; NDV; test system