Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review

Fathimath  Ina Shareef; Fathimath  Farahath Shareef; Fathimath  Shafaath; Aishath  Zeela; Faiha  Ali Mohamed; Aminath  Efa Ibrahim; Ahmed  Yazdhan; Kannan  Subbaram; Zeba  Un Naher; Razana  Faiz; Aminath  Huda; Punya Laxmi Manandhar; Sheeza  Ali

doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

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Online Publishing Date:
29 / 03 / 2024

J Cancer Res Rev. 2024; 1(1): 17-25

doi: 10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review

Fathimath Ina Shareef, Fathimath Farahath Shareef, Fathimath Shafaath, Aishath Zeela, Faiha Ali Mohamed, Aminath Efa Ibrahim, Ahmed Yazdhan, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali.

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer, and it is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths. This review is aimed to bring about the latest updates on genes associated, hereditary links, molecular pathogenesis, risk factors, biomarkers and diagnosis of CRC. Hereditary Non-Polyposis CRC (HNPCC) accounted for 5-10% of colon cancers, and it had shown an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The associated molecular defect was a DNA mismatch repair, targeting the MSH2 and MSH6 genes on chromosome 2 and MLH1 on chromosome 3 genes. Two distinct pathways had been established in the pathogenesis of CRC, the APC/β-catenin pathway, and the microsatellite instability pathway. Our research showed that the important genes involved in the development of CRC were MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and APC genes. Between 12 to 35% CRC was estimated to be hereditary, whereas germline mutations contribute less than 5% to CRC. Two distinct pathways have been established in the pathogenesis of CRC, the APC/β-catenin pathway, and the microsatellite instability pathway. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of CRC. Six potential biomarkers for CRC were identified, they were, “anserine”, “trimethylamine N-oxide”, “arginine”, “gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde”, “indoxyl sulfate” and “pyridoxal 5-phosphate”. The significance of the results include, early detection of virulent genes, oncogene, and biomarkers can assist in the early diagnosis of CRC. There are several therapeutic strategies available for CRC, but due to the aggressiveness and late diagnosis of patients with CRC, often makes the treatment less significant.

Key words: colorectal cancer; genes; mutation; molecular pathogenesis; risk factors; biomarkers

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Shareef FI, Shareef FF, Shafaath F, Zeela A, Mohamed FA, Ibrahim AE, Yazdhan A, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, . Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. J Cancer Res Rev. 2024; 1(1): 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Web Style

Shareef FI, Shareef FF, Shafaath F, Zeela A, Mohamed FA, Ibrahim AE, Yazdhan A, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, . Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. https://www.scopub.com/jcrr/?mno=193126 [Access: April 04, 2024]. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Shareef FI, Shareef FF, Shafaath F, Zeela A, Mohamed FA, Ibrahim AE, Yazdhan A, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, . Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. J Cancer Res Rev. 2024; 1(1): 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Shareef FI, Shareef FF, Shafaath F, Zeela A, Mohamed FA, Ibrahim AE, Yazdhan A, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, . Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. J Cancer Res Rev. (2024), [cited April 04, 2024]; 1(1): 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Harvard Style

Shareef, F. I., Shareef, F. F., Shafaath, F., Zeela, A., Mohamed, F. A., Ibrahim, A. E., Yazdhan, A., Subbaram, K., Naher, Z. U., Faiz, R., Huda, A., Manandhar, P. L., Ali, S. & (2024) Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. J Cancer Res Rev, 1 (1), 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Turabian Style

Shareef, Fathimath Ina, Fathimath Farahath Shareef, Fathimath Shafaath, Aishath Zeela, Faiha Ali Mohamed, Aminath Efa Ibrahim, Ahmed Yazdhan, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, and . 2024. Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 1 (1), 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

Chicago Style

Shareef, Fathimath Ina, Fathimath Farahath Shareef, Fathimath Shafaath, Aishath Zeela, Faiha Ali Mohamed, Aminath Efa Ibrahim, Ahmed Yazdhan, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, and . "Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 1 (2024), 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Shareef, Fathimath Ina, Fathimath Farahath Shareef, Fathimath Shafaath, Aishath Zeela, Faiha Ali Mohamed, Aminath Efa Ibrahim, Ahmed Yazdhan, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, and . "Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 1.1 (2024), 17-25. Print. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Shareef, F. I., Shareef, F. F., Shafaath, F., Zeela, A., Mohamed, F. A., Ibrahim, A. E., Yazdhan, A., Subbaram, K., Naher, Z. U., Faiz, R., Huda, A., Manandhar, P. L., Ali, S. & (2024) Aggressive and lethal colorectal cancer: Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology and tissue biomarkers: A narrative review. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 1 (1), 17-25. doi:10.5455/JCRR.20240305032734

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