E-ISSN 3041-4369
 

Review Article

Online Publishing Date:
07 / 04 / 2024

 


Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review

Kannan Subbaram, Sheeza Ali, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte.


Abstract
Background: Recently, monkeypox virus (Mpox) infections have been reported from many parts of the world. Mpox can be transmitted through, contact with patients, fomites, sexual contact, infected animals and during pregnancy. Complications of Mpox include encephalitis, pneumonia and ocular infections. Rapid diagnosis is very important for identification of the virus and treatment. Aim: This article is aimed to bring the new knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of monkeypox. This report deals with sample collection, sample transport and different laboratory techniques available for the diagnosis. Methods: Thorough review of literature was performed with databases Google scholar, EMBASE, PMC, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane Library, for the period between 1990 to February 2024. Results: Monkeypox (Mpox) is caused by a DNA virus called monkeypox virus (MPXV). Sample collection and transport should be carried out with all biosafety precautions. The laboratory requirements for handling the suspected cases of monkeypox should be conducted in biosafety level-2 labs only. A variety of clinical specimens can be used for the diagnosis of monkeypox. Skin lesions, throat/nasopharyngeal swab, urine, semen, rectal/anal swab, blood and plasma/serum can be collected for the diagnosis. The detection methods are electron microscopy, virus culture using cell lines/embryonated eggs, PCR, RT-PCR and serology. The commonly used techniques are PCR and RT-PCR. Virus culture on monkeypox samples is carried out in CDC laboratory only. Electron microscopy followed by negative staining is performed in reference laboratories only. Conclusions: The detection of monkeypox by molecular methods such as nucleic acid amplification testing is done by conventional PCR, RT- PCR or sequencing. This is the most accurate method to detect monkeypox. The first step is the PCR to detect orthopox virus and the second test is to conduct PCR / sequencing to confirm the monkeypox virus. Very recently, commercial RT-PCR kit to detect monkeypox virus with primers and probes designed to target the F3L gene of monkeypox virus is available.

Key words: monkeypox; Mpox; electron microscopy; RT-PCR; PCR; lab diagnosis.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Subbaram K, Ali S, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. J Bas Clin Microbiol. 2024; 1(1): 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315


Web Style

Subbaram K, Ali S, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. https://www.scopub.com/jbcm/?mno=302657577 [Access: April 10, 2024]. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Subbaram K, Ali S, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. J Bas Clin Microbiol. 2024; 1(1): 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Subbaram K, Ali S, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. J Bas Clin Microbiol. (2024), [cited April 10, 2024]; 1(1): 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



Harvard Style

Subbaram, K., Ali, . S., Naher, . Z. U., Faiz, . R., Huda, . A., Manandhar, . P. L., Tazerji, . S. S. & Duarte, . P. M. (2024) Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. J Bas Clin Microbiol, 1 (1), 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



Turabian Style

Subbaram, Kannan, Sheeza Ali, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. 2024. Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. Journal of Basic and Clinical Microbiology, 1 (1), 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



Chicago Style

Subbaram, Kannan, Sheeza Ali, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. "Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review." Journal of Basic and Clinical Microbiology 1 (2024), 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Subbaram, Kannan, Sheeza Ali, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. "Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review." Journal of Basic and Clinical Microbiology 1.1 (2024), 19-24. Print. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Subbaram, K., Ali, . S., Naher, . Z. U., Faiz, . R., Huda, . A., Manandhar, . P. L., Tazerji, . S. S. & Duarte, . P. M. (2024) Re-emerging Disease: Detection and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox (Mpox) virus -A narrative review. Journal of Basic and Clinical Microbiology, 1 (1), 19-24. doi:10.5455/JBCM.20240301114315